APA 7th edition
APA 7th edition is our official Harvard referencing scheme and the main referencing style in use at the University.
Introduction to referencing
Learn what referencing is, why it is important, the types of information you need to reference and how to identify what you are referencing.
- Estimated duration is 20 minutes.
Creating references using APA 7th Edition
Learn what the APA 7th style looks like in your work, how to use in-text citations, what you reference list is for and how to format you references.
Approaching referencing
We recommend the following approaches to referencing:
- Build the reference yourself using the resources on this page to guide you.
- Use the citation tool in Library Search (you will need to check the format of the reference against our guidance).
- Use an online referencing tool to create the references for you (note: MS Word does not currently support APA 7th). Always check the format of your references against our guidance, especially if you have used any online referencing tools to create the reference for you.
- Use EndNote reference management software (good for managing a large number of references, worth taking a look at if you are writing your dissertation or thesis). Tip: you need to start using this as you begin your research and add sources to your EndNote Library as you find them.
Referencing in practice
APA 7th Edition Guides
- Referencing Quick Guide - A handy guide to print out to refer to as you work.
- APA 7th Edition Handbook - Trying to reference something complicated? Take a look at our in-depth handbook.
- Referencing Images - A simple guide to referencing images. Includes examples.
Reference examples
Our easy to follow list shows how to cite and reference more than 40 commonly used information sources. You can copy the format into your reference list and edit it for your own sources.
Acts of Parliament
See the entry for Statute.
AI Tools
See the entry for ChatGPT and other AI tools.
Art exhibitions
Format:
Curator, A. B. (Year) or (Year-Year). Title of exhibition [Exhibition]. Gallery, Location. https:// URL for exhibition on gallery website, if available.
Note: if the curator is not know, start your reference with the title of the exhibition.
Examples:
Howes, N., & Corridan, F. (2020-2021). Grayson’s Art Club [Exhibition]. Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester. https://manchesterartgallery.org/exhibitions-and-events/exhibition/graysons-art-club/
Represent! Voices 100 years on [Exhibition]. (2018-2019). Peoples’ History Museum, Manchester. https://phm.org.uk/exhibitions/represent-voices-100-years-on/
In-text citation:
(“Represent! Voices 100 years on”, 2018-2019)
“Represent! Voices 100 years on” (2018-2019)
Artworks
Format:
Artist, A. B. (Year). Title of work [Medium]. Gallery Name, Location. http:// URL of gallery website if image available online
Examples:
Munch, E. (1891). Melancholy [Oil painting]. Munch Museum, Oslo.
Reyntiens, P. (1966). Cross, panel [Stained glass]. Victoria and Albert Museum, London. https://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/stained-glass
In-text citation:
(Munch, 1891)
Munch (1891)
Blogs
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year, Day Month). Title of article. Title of blog. http://
Example:
Strzelecka, M. A. (2021, 5 May). How littering affects hedgehogs. Hedgehog Friendly Campus. https://blogs.salford.ac.uk/hedgehog-friendly-campus/
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Strzelecka, 2021)
Strzelecka (2021)
In-text citation - direct quotation:
(Strzelecka, 2021, para. 2)
Strzelecka (2021, para. 2)
Books - Printed
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year). Title (Edition.) Publisher.
Example:
Fox, R. P., & Madura, J. (2017). International Financial Management (4th ed.). Cengage Learning.
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Fox & Madura, 2021)
Fox and Madura (2021)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Fox & Madura, 2021, p. 39)
Fox and Madura (2021, p. 39)
Books - Chapters in books
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor (Eds.), Title of book. (pp.xxx-xxx). Publisher.
Examples:
Lawrence, J. A. (2020). Grief and loss. In M. Rogers, D. Whitaker, D. Edmondson, & D. Peach (Eds.), Developing skills & knowledge for social work practice (2nd ed., pp. 310-317). Sage.
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Lawrence, 2021)
Lawrence (2021)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Lawrence, 2021, p. 312)
Lawrence (2021, p. 312)
Cases
Format:
Party v Party [Year of reporting] Where Reported Abbreviation case number
Example:
Crossley v Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft [2021] EWHC 3444 (QB)
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Crossley v Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft, 2021)
Crossley v Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft (2021)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Crossley v Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft, 2021, 6)
Crossley v Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft (2021, 6)
ChatGPT and other AI tools
You MUST check with your tutors before using ChatGPT or other Generative Artificial Intelligence tools in your assessment. Some assessments do not permit the use of AI tools, while others may allow AI with some limitations.
When using ChatGPT or other AI tools in your assessment, explain how you used it and the prompt you used. You may also need to provide the full transcript of your prompt and the response as an appendix to your assessment. Check with your tutor.
Format:
Author. (Year). Title (Version number) [Descriptor]. https://...
Example:
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Version 3.5) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(OpenAI, 2023)
OpenAI (2023)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(OpenAI, 2023, para. 5)
OpenAI (2023, para. 5)
Conference proceedings
Conference proceedings are published in a book or journal and should therefore be treated as book chapter or journal article.
Conference papers (with DOI)
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year). Title of conference paper [Type of presentation]. Name of Conference, Location of Conference. https://doi.org/10.doi...
Example:
Barresi, S., Meziane, F., Rezgui, Y., & Lima, C. (2005). Architecture to support semantic resources interoperability. [Paper presentation]. First ACM International Workshop on Interoperability of Heterogeneous Information Systems (IHIS 2005), Bremen, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1145/1096967.1096984
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Barresi et al., 2005)
Barresi et al. (2005)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Barresi et al., 2005, p. 81)
Barresi et al. (2005, p. 81)
Conference papers (no DOI)
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year). Title of conference paper [Type of presentation]. Name of Conference, Location of Conference. http://...
Examples:
Naggasa, A., Augusthus Nelson, L., & Haynes, B. (2018). Use of finite element analysis to investigate the structural behaviour of masonry arch bridges subject to foundation settlement [Conference paper]. 10th International Masonry Conference, Milan, Italy. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/46832/
Osaji, E. E. (2018). Enhancing Building Energy and Environmental Assessment Certification (BEEAC) [Keynote Speech]. CIBSE ASHRAE Group Webinar, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6KC5k47YiY
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Naggasa et al., 2018)
Naggasa et al. (2018)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Naggasa et al., 2018, p. 6)
Naggasa et al. (2018, p. 6)
Datasets
Format:
Author. (Year). Title (ID number, Version number) [Dataset]. Publisher. https://doi.org/10.doi...
Example:
Yates, H. M. (2019). Flame Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition NiO hole transport layers for mesoporous carbon perovskite cells (Version 1) [Dataset]. University of Salford. https://doi.org/10.17866/rd.salford.9608828.v1
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Yates, 2019)
Yates (2019)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Yates, 2019, Fig. 3)
Yates (2019, Fig. 3)
Dictionary entry (online)
Format:
Author or Publisher. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of Dictionary. Retrieved Day Month, Year, from http://...
Example:
Collins. (2022). Triskaidekaphobia. In Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 1 Aug, 2022, from http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/triskaidekaphobia
In-text citation:
(Collins, 2022)
Collins (2022)
eBooks (with DOI)
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year). Title (Edition.) Publisher. https://doi.org/10.doi...
Example:
Procter, C. T., & Kozak-Holland, M. P. (2020). Managing transformation projects: tracing lessons from the industrial to the digital revolution. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33035-4
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Proctor & Kozak-Holland, 2020)
Proctor and Kozak-Holland (2020)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Proctor & Kozak-Holland, 2020, p. 62)
Proctor and Kozak-Holland (2020, p. 62)
eBooks - Chapters in e-books
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor (Eds.), Title of book. (pp.xxx-xxx). Retrieved from https://www.somewebsite.co.uk
Examples:
Chippindale, C. (2010). Ambition, deference, discrepancy, consumption: the intellectual background to a post–processual archaeology. In N. Yoffee & A. Sherratt (Eds.), Archaeological theory. (pp. 27-36). doi:10.1017/CBO9780511720277
Gorman, M. J. (2004). The angel and the compass: Athanasius Kircher’s magnetic geography. In P. Findlen (Ed.), Athanasius Kircher: the last man who knew everything (pp. 239-259). Retrieved from https://www.dawsonera.com/
eBooks (from a Library database)
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year). Title (Edition.) Publisher.
Example:
Barrett, P. S., & Finch, E. F. (2013). Facilities management: The dynamics of excellence (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
Note: if the URL for the book contains the words salford.idm.oclc (e.g. ebookcentral-proquest-com.salford.idm.oclc.org/lib/salford) do not use it as it may not open for your reader.
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Barrett & Finch, 2013)
Barrett and Finch (2013)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Barrett & Finch, 2013, p. 17)
Barrett and Finch (2013, p. 17)
Ephemera
Ephemera
Format:
Company/organisation. (Year). Title [Description]. Viewed date and location for transitory material. Producer if different to company/organisation.
Example - Billboard:
The Cooperative (2011). Our revolution [Billboard]. Viewed 21 March, 2011, Chapel Street, Salford.
Example - Leaflet:
Salford Museum and Art Gallery (n.d.) Souvenir price list [Leaflet].
Example - Packaging:
Eurax Cream [Packaging]. (n.d.)
In-text citation:
(Salford Museum and Art Gallery, n.d.)
Salford Museum and Art Gallery (n.d.)
Facebook page
Format:
Author, A. B. or Organisation. (Year). Title of page [Facebook page]. Retrieved Day Month, Year, from https://...
Example:
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved 16 August, 2021, from https://www.facebook.com/CIBSE/
In-text citation:
(Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, n.d.)
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (n.d.)
Facebook post
Format:
Author, A. B. or Organisation. (Year, Day Month). First 20 words of the post tweet [Attachment – if applicable] [Post type]. Facebook. https://...
Example:
Institute of Biomedical Science. (2021, 14 August). How can we be more environmentally friendly in the lab? Sustainable lab expert Martin Farley & sustainability advocate Sheri Scott [Link attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/148731651820991/posts/4827863743907735/
In-text citation:
(Institute of Biomedical Science, 2021)
Institute of Biomedical Science (2021
Films
Format:
Director, A. B. (Director). (Year). Title [Format]. Publisher.
Example:
Knudsen, E. (Director). (2010). The silent accomplice [Film]. One Day Films.
In-text citation:
(Knudsen, 2010)
Knudsen (2010)
Format:
Author, A. B. or Organisation [@Instagram handle]. (Year, Day Month). First 20 words of the post [Description]. Instagram. https://...
Examples:
The Lowry [@the_lowry]. (2021, 1 June). The earliest known sports painting by #LSLowry to go on view at The Lowry THIS WEEKEND! Work on loan from [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CPk_9W4tLpy/
In-text citation:
(The Lowry, 2021)
The Lowry (2021)
Journal articles (Print)
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page numbers.
Example:
Cameron, M. (2006). Nesting habitat of the glossy black-cockatoo in central New South Wales. Biological Conservation, 127(4), 402-410.
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Cameron, 2006)
Cameron (2006)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Cameron, 2006, p. 404)
Cameron (2006, p. 404)
Journal articles (electronic - with page numbers)
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page numbers. https://doi.org/10.doi... or https://www.URL...
Examples:
Cox, T. (2008). Scraping sounds and disgusting noises. Applied Acoustics, 69(12), 1195-1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2007.11.004
Drumm, I. A. (2007). A hybrid finite element / finite difference time domain technique for modelling the acoustics of surfaces within a medium. Acta Acustica united with Acustica, 93(5), 804-809. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/dav/aaua/2007/00000093/00000005/art00013
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Cox, 2008)
Cox (2008)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Cox, 2008, p. 1197)
Cox (2008, p. 1197)
Journal articles (electronic - with an article number)
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), Article number. https://doi.org/10.doi... or https://www.URL...
Example:
Biscaya, S., & Elkadi, H. A. (2021). A smart ecological urban corridor for the Manchester Ship Canal. Cities, 110, Article 103042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103042
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Biscaya & Elkadi, 2021)
Biscaya and Elkadi (2021)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Biscaya & Elkadi, 2021, p. 7)
Biscaya and Elkadi (2021, p. 7)
LinkedIn Learning Video
Format:
Instructor, A. B. (Year, Day Month). Title of video [Video]. Site. https://...
Example:
Patel, Y. (2017, 2 October). SPSS for Academic Research [Video]. LinkedIn Learning. https://www.linkedin.com/learning/spss-for-academic-research/
In-text citation:
(Patel, 2017)
Patel (2017)
Live Performances
Do not write references for live theatre, dance or music performances, as these cannot be retrieved. Instead give any relevant details in the text of your essay or assignment.
There is one exception to this rule. At Salford, we ask that Performance students, in the Salford School of Arts, Media and Creative Technology, do reference live performances.
Maps
Format:
Cartographer, A. B. or Organisation. (Year). Title [Map]. https://... (if online)
Note: if you have created the map yourself with Digimap, etc. give it a title in square brackets.
Examples:
Colomb, J. C. R. (1886). Imperial Federation, map of the world showing the extent of the British Empire in 1886 [Map]. https://www.flickr.com/photos/normanbleventhalmapcenter/2710800068/
Ordnance Survey. (2021). [Windgate Edge. Map]. http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/
In-text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2021)
Ordnance Survey (2021)
Market Research
Market Research
Format:
Organisation. (Year). Title. https://...
Example:
Mintel. (2020). Domestic Tourism: Inc. Impact of Covid-19 UK, December 2020. https://reports.mintel.com/display/989990/
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Mintel, 2020)
Mintel (2020)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Mintel, 2020 p. 2)
Mintel (2020, p. 2)
Music recordings
Format:
Artist, A. B. and/or Band/Orchestra. (Year). Title [Type of recording]. Recording Company. URL if only available online
Examples:
Bartok, В. I., Reiner, F., & Chicago Symphony Orchestra. (2004). Concerto for orchestra: music for strings, percussion and celesta; Hungarian sketches [Album]. BMG Classics.
Huata, T. (2021). Tihei Mauri Ora [Song]. Te Rerenga: The Journey. https://open.spotify.com/album/1WdFMOj7hMWymn5B6QJzTl
In-text citation:
(Bartok et al., 2004)
Bartok et al. (2004)
Music scores
Format:
Composer, A .B. (Year). Title [Type of score]. Publisher. (Original date of publication – for older works only).
Examples:
Bach, J. S. (2013). Mass in B minor [Full score]. Dover. (Original work published 1749).
Barrios, A. (1957). Preludio (op. 5, no. 1) para guitarra [Guitar score]. Ricordi Americana.
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Bach, 1749/2013)
Bach (1749/2013)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Bach, 1749/2013, p. 6)
Bach (1749/2013, p. 6)
Newspaper articles (print)
Format:
Journalist, A. B. (Year, Day Month). Title of article. Newspaper Title. p. page number.
Example:
Glenny, M. (2011, 16 May). Cyber-weaponry, virtual battlefields and the changing face of global warfare. The Guardian, p. 22.
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Glenny, 2011)
Glenny (2011)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Glenny, 2011, para. 9)
Glenny (2011, para. 9)
Newspaper articles (electronic)
Format:
Journalist, A. B. (Year, Day Month). Title of article. Newspaper Title. https://...
Example:
Halliday, J. (2021, 10 January). Victorian bathhouse uncovered beneath Manchester car park. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jan/10/victorian-mayfield-bathhouse-uncovered-archaeologist-beneath-manchester-car-park
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Halliday, 2021)
Halliday (2021)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Halliday, 2021)
Halliday (2021)
(Halliday, 2021, para. 7)
Halliday (2021, para. 7)
Newspaper articles (no author)
Format:
Title of article. (Year, Day Month). Newspaper Title. p. page number. (or https://...)
Example:
Covid and the climate: the world is failing to fix both. (2020, 20 September). The Independent.
https://www.independent.co.uk/
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(“Covid and the climate: the world is failing to fix both”, 2020)
“Covid and the climate: the world is failing to fix both” (2020)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(“Covid and the climate: the world is failing to fix both”, 2020, para 2)
“Covid and the climate: the world is failing to fix both” (2020, para. 2)
Patents (electronic)
Format:
Inventor, A. B. (Year). Title of patent (Patent number) Patent Office. https://...
Example:
Deane, G. T. (2021). Method of controlling a surgical robot (GB2588829). United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office. https://www.ipo.gov.uk/p-ipsum/Case/PublicationNumber/GB2588829
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Deane, 2021)
Deane (2021)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Deane, 2021, p. 1)
Deane (2021, p. 1)
Personal correspondence
Email, letters and other personal communications are not included in your Reference List as the information in them is not retrievable. You should refer to them in the body of your text only, for example, (R. Jones, personal communication, 7 July 2021).
Plays
If you are discussing a live performance (either commenting on the acting, staging or anything else) see the guidance for Live Performances.
If you have seen the play performed by watching a video, TV programme or film, or listening to a radio broadcast, reference it using the relevant guidance for these formats.
If you have used a published play script, reference it using the format for a printed book. If the script was published electronically, reference it as an e-book, website, or webpage, as appropriate.
Podcasts
Format:
Host (Host). (Year, date of original broadcast). Title (Episode number – if applicable) [Format]. In Series - if applicable. Podcast Site. https://...
Example:
Hussain, R. (Host). (2021, 14 June). Refugee Week 2021 : Brisilda Lleshi (No. 1) [Audio podcast episode]. In Salford Speaks. SoundCloud. https://soundcloud.com/universityofsalford/refugee-week-2021-brisilda-lleshi
In-text citation:
(Hussain, 2021)
Hussain (2021)
Radio Broadcast
Format:
Announcer, A. B. (Year, date of broadcast). Title [Radio broadcast]. Site. https://... (if online).
Examples:
Nester, E. (2021, 2 August). Racism in the UK - how do I talk to my kids about it? [Radio broadcast]. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p09qmtt1
In-text citation:
(Nester, 2021)
Nester (2021)
Reports and government publications (print)
Format:
Author, A. B. or Department. (Year). Title (Report number if available). Publisher (if different to author).
Example:
House of Commons. (2006). Eliminating world poverty: making governance work for the poor: a White Paper on international development. Stationery Office.
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(House of Commons, 2006)
House of Commons (2006)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(House of Commons, 2006, p. 48)
House of Commons (2006, p. 48)
Reports and government publications (electronic)
Format:
Author, A. B. or Department. (Year). Title (Report number if available). Publisher (if different to author). https://...
Example:
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. (2019). Government response to the Housing, Communities and Local Government Select Committee report 'Building regulations and fire safety: consultation response and connected issues' (CP 184). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-regulations-and-fire-safety-government-response-to-the-select-committee-report
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, 2019)
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (2019)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, 2019, p. 12)
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (2019, p. 12)
Standards (print)
Format:
Organisation. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Publisher, if different to Organisation.
Examples:
British Standards Institution. (2005). Acoustics: guidelines for noise control in offices and workrooms by means of acoustical screens (BS EN ISO; 17624:2004).
International Organization for Standardization. (2021). Aerospace : Couplings, threaded and sealed, for fluid systems : Dimensions (BS ISO 7320:2021). British Standards Institution.
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(British Standards Institution, 2005)
British Standards Institution (2005)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(British Standards Institution, 2005, p. 10)
British Standards Institution (2005, p. 10)
Standards (electronic)
Format:
Organisation. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Publisher (if different to Organisation). https://... (if the URL will resolve – see note below).
Examples:
British Standards Institution. (2013). Playing field equipment. Football goals. Functional and safety requirements, test methods (BS EN 748:2013+A1:2018)
International Organization for Standardization. (2015). Quality management systems : Fundamentals and vocabulary (ISO 9000:2015). https://www.iso.org/standard/45481.html
Note: if the URL for the standard contains the words salford.idm.oclc (e.g. https://bsol-bsigroup-com.salford.idm.oclc.org/) do not use it as it may not open for your reader.
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(British Standards Institution, 2013)
British Standards Institution (2013)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(British Standards Institution, 2013, p.3)
British Standards Institution (2013, p. 3)
Statutes (Acts of Parliament)
Format:
Title and Year of Act chapter or section number if applicable.
Examples:
Climate Change Act 2008
Football (Disorder) Act 2000 c. 25
In-text citation - paraphrase:
Climate Change Act 2008
In-text citation – direct quotation:
Climate Change Act 2008, section 33
Statutory Instruments
Format:
Title and Year of Act SI number.
Example:
Construction Contracts (England) Exclusion Order 2011 SI 2011/2332
In-text citation - paraphrase:
Construction Contracts (England) Exclusion Order 2011
In-text citation – direct quotation:
Construction Contracts (England) Exclusion Order 2011, article 3
TED Talk from the TED website
Format:
Speaker, A. B. (Year, Month). Title of video [Video]. Publisher. https://...
Example:
Padnani, A. (2019, July). How we're honoring people overlooked by history [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_padnani_how_we_re_honoring_people_overlooked_by_history
In-text citation:
(Padani, 2019)
Padani (2019)
TED Talk from YouTube
Format:
Owner. (Year, Day Month). Title of video | Speaker [Video]. Streaming site. https://...
Example:
TED. (2013, 17 July). Where Is Home? | Pico Iyer [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3m6dV7Xo3Vc
In-text citation:
(TED, 2013)
TED (2013)
Theses (print)
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year). Title of thesis [Unpublished award thesis]. Name of University.
Example:
Ahmed, M. E. H. (2009). Lexical, cultural and grammatical translation problems encountered by senior Palestinian EFL learners at the Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine [Unpublished PhD thesis]. University of Salford.
In-text citation – paraphrase:
(Ahmed, 2009)
Ahmed (2009)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Ahmed, 2009, p. 242)
Ahmed (2009, p. 242)
Theses (electronic)
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year). Title of thesis (Publication number if available) [Award thesis, Name of University]. Name of Repository or Database. https://... (if the URL will resolve – see note below)
Example:
Alam, B. (2020). Improving the Regulatory Framework of Floodplain Development and Management in the United Kingdom (Publication No. 28447588) [PhD thesis, University of Salford]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
Aljuboori, A. S. (2017). A new strategy for case-based reasoning retrieval using classification based on association [PhD thesis, University of Salford]. USIR. https://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/42230/
Note: if the URL for the thesis contains the word salford.idm.oclc (e.g. https://www-proquest-com.salford.idm.oclc.org) do not use it as it may not open for your reader.
In-text citation – paraphrase:
(Alam, 2020)
Alam (2020)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Alam, 2020, p. 104)
Alam (2020, p. 104)
TikTok video
Format:
Author, A. B. or Organisation [@TikTok handle]. (Year, Day Month). First 20 words of caption [Video]. TikTok. https://...
Example:
In-text citation:
(University of Salford, 2021)
University of Salford (2021)
Translated works (published translation: book)
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year). Title. (A. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published Year).
Example:
Galeano, E. H. (1997). Football in sun and shadow (M. Fried, Trans.). Fourth Estate. (Original work published 1995).
In-text citation:
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Galeano, 1995/1997)
Galeano (1995/1997)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(Galeano, 1995/1997, p. 183)
Galeano (1995/1997, p, 183)
Translated works (your own translation: book)
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year). Original title. [Translated English title]. Publisher.
Example:
Rossfeld, R. (2007). Schweizer Schokolade : industrielle Produktion und kulturelle Konstruktion eines nationalen Symbols 1860 - 1920 [Swiss chocolate manufacturing and cultural construction of a national symbol 1860 - 1920]. Hier Und Jetzt Verlag.
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Rossfeld, 2007)
Rossfeld (2007)
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Rossfeld, 2007, p. 37)
Rossfeld (2007, p. 37)
Translated works (your own translation: journal article)
Format:
Author, A. B. (Year). Original title of article. [Translated English title]. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page numbers.
Example:
Del Río, J. (2011). Algumas memórias do cinema cubano mais polêmico [Some memories of the most controversial Cuban cinema]. Estudos Avancados, 25(72), 145-159.
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Del Rio, 2011)
Del Rio (2011)
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(Del Rio, 2011, p. 147)
Del Rio (2011, p. 147)
TV - episode from a TV series
Format:
Creator, A. B. (Role). (Year, Day Month). Episode Title (season number, Episode Number) [TV series episode]. In A. B. Executive Producer ( Executive Producer ). Series Title. Production Company.
Examples:
McQueen, S. (Director & Writer), & Siddons, A. (Writer). (2020, 13 December). Education (Season 1, Episode 5) [TV series episode]. In S. McQueen (Executive Producer), Small Axe. BBC.
In-text citation:
(McQueen, 2020)
McQueen (2020)
TV - series
Format:
Producer, A. B. (Executive Producer). (Year-Year). Title [TV series]. Production company.
Examples:
McQueen, S. (Executive Producer). (2020). Small Axe [TV series]. BBC.
Miller, B., Littlefield, W., Morano, R., Wilson, D., Sears, F., Chaiken, I., Moss, E., Barker, M., Tuchman, E., Chang, Y., Hockin, S., Weber, J., Siracusa, F., & Fortenberry, D. (Executive Producers). (2017-present). The Handmaid's Tale [TV series]. Daniel Wilson Productions; The Littlefield Company; White Oak Pictures; MGM Television.
In-text citation:
(Miller et al., 2017-present)
Miller et al. (2017-present)
TV - single programme
Format:
Creator, A. B. (Role). (Year, Day Month). Title [TV programme]. Production company.
Examples:
Twaddle, A. (Producer & Director). (2014, 24 March). The Machine Gun and Skye's Band of Brothers [Television programme]. BBC.
In-text citation:
(Twaddle, 2014)
Twaddle (2014)
Video Game
Format:
Creator, A. B. (Role). (Year). Title [Video game]. Publisher.
Examples:
Parker, T. & Stone, M. (Writers). (2014) South Park: The Stick of Truth [Video game]. Ubisoft.
In-text citation:
(Parker & Stone, 2014)
Parker and Stone (2014)
Webpage
Most webpages are written by an organisation rather than an individual.
Format:
Organisation or Author, A. B. (Year, Day Month) or (Year, Month). Title of webpage. Publisher (if different to author). https://...
Examples:
Barnard, I. (2021, 20 May). Paradise lost: Michael Armitage's layered depictions of Africa. Art UK. https://artuk.org/discover/stories/paradise-lost-michael-armitages-layered-depictions-of-africa
National Health Service. (2020, 3 January). Student stress. https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/help-for-teenagers-young-adults-and-students/student-stress-self-help-tips/
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(National Health Service, 2020)
National Health Service (2020)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(National Health Service, 2020, para. 3)
National Health Service (2020, para. 3)
Websites
Do not create references or in-text citations for whole websites. If you need to refer to a website, for example a tool you have used in your work, mention it in the body of your text and include its URL, either in brackets after the name of the website, or by hyperlinking the website’s name.
Examples:
The infographic was created using Venngage (https://venngage.com/)
The infographic was created using Venngage.
Wiki entries
Most wikis do not list authors, so start your reference with the title.
Format:
Title of entry. (Year, Day Month). Title of Wiki entry. In Title of Wiki. https://...
Example:
Drop bear. (2021, 15 May). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_bear
In-text citation - paraphrase:
(“Drop Bear”, 2021)
“Drop Bear” (2021)
In-text citation – direct quotation:
(“Drop Bear”, 2021, para. 2)
“Drop Bear”, (2021, para. 2)
X (Twitter)
Format:
Author, A. B. or Organisation [@handle]. (Year, Day Month). First 20 words of tweet [Attachment – if applicable] [Post]. X. https://...
Examples:
NHS [@NHSuk]. (2021, 16 August). Even positive change can be anxiety provoking but there are lots of things that can help you manage. As things [Video attached] [Post]. X. https://twitter.com/NHSuk/status/1427224415994060804
Institute of Physics [@PhysicsNews]. (2021, 16 August). As part of the #IOPLimitLess campaign, we asked our members to share their experiences of the stereotypes and barriers they [Image attached] [Post]. X. https://twitter.com/PhysicsNews/status/1427193440719224835
In-text citation:
(Institute of Physics, 2021)
Institute of Physics (2021)
YouTube and other streamed videos
Format:
Creator, A. B. (Year, Day Month). Title of video [Video]. Streaming site. https://...
Examples:
Tran, S. (2021, 13 July). Centuries and Still [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/574675111
University of Salford. (2020, 21 April). New Era: A poem by Professor Jackie Kay CBE [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gZuy7lOTJg
In-text citation:
(University of Salford, 2020)
University of Salford (2020)
Assessment Submission
For submission advice and guidance (including help using Turnitin), please see your Assessment Support Module listed under your modules in Blackboard. This area contains the draft submission area for using Turnitin for text matching.